“among obese children”

R.L. Richmond et al. “The Association of Addictive-Like Eating with Food Intake in Children,” Appetite 117  (2017): 82.

“eating addiction”

J. Hebebrand et al. “‘Eating Addiction’, Rather Than ‘Food Addiction’, Better Captures Addictive-Like Eating Behavior,” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 47  (2014): 295.

“are treated similarly”

H.K. Ruddock et al. “The Development and Validation of the Addiction-Like Eating Behaviour Scale,” Int. J. Obes. 41  (2017): 1710.

“beverages as food”

NeuroFAST. “NeuroFAST Consensus Opinion on Food Addiction,” 2014.

“proffered by the APA”

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

“mix formula, and diet”

G. Harris and D.A. Booth. “Infants’ Preference for Salt in Food: Its Dependence Upon Recent Dietary Experience,” J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 5  (1987): 94.

“and caloric intake”

G.H. Kim and H.M. Lee. “Frequent Consumption of Certain Fast Foods May Be Associated with an Enhanced Preference for Salt Taste,” J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 22  (2009): 475.

“eight to twelve weeks”

R.D. Mattes. “The Taste for Salt in Humans,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65 (Suppl 2)  (1997): 692S.

“this craving stops”

A. Kochli et al. “Increased Salt Appetite in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency,” Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Integ. Comp. Physiol. 288 (6)  (2005): R1673.

“signs of addiction”

F.J. He et al. “Salt Reduction in England from 2003 to 2011: Its Relationship to Blood Pressure, Stroke and Ischaemic Heart Disease Mortality,” BMJ Open 4 (4)  (2014): e004549.

“risk factor for obesity”

J.E. Blundell et al. “Resistance and Susceptibility to Weight Gain: Individual Variability in Response to a High-Fat Diet,” Physiol Behav. 86 (5)  (2005): 614.

“preference for high-fat foods goes up even more”

A. Drewnowski and M.R. Greewood. “Cream and Sugar: Human Preferences for High-Fat Foods,” Physiol. Behav. 30  (1983): 629.

“as in low-carb”

T. Hu et al. “Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials,” Am. J. Epidemiol. 176 Suppl 7  (2012): S44.

“ketogenic diets”

A. Paoli et al. “Beyond Weight Loss: A Review of the Therapeutic Uses of Very-Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diets,” Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 67 (8)  (2013): 789.

“model drug of dependence”

R.R. Griffiths and A.L. Chausmer. “Caffeine as a Model Drug of Dependence: Recent Developments in Understanding Caffeine Withdrawal, the Caffeine Dependence Syndrome, and Caffeine Negative Reinforcement,” Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 20 (5)  (2000): 223.

“addiction in children”

G.A. Bernstein et al. “Caffeine Withdrawal in Normal School-Age Children,” J.  Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 37 (1998): 858.

“adolescents”

G.A. Bernstein et al. “Caffeine Dependence in Teenagers,” Drug Alcohol Depend. 66 (1)  (2002): 1.

“and adults”

E.G. Couturier et al. “Influence of Caffeine and Caffeine Withdrawal on Headache and Cerebral Blood Flow Velocities,” Cephalalgia 17 (3)  (1997): 188.

“even more of their fix”

T. Dumanovsky et al. “What People Buy from Fast-Food Restaurants: Caloric Content and Menu Item Selection, New York City 2007,” Obesity 17  (2007): 1369.

“correlated with changes in BMI”

R. De Vogli et al. “The Influence of Market Deregulation on Fast Food Consumption and Body Mass Index: A Cross-National Time Series Analysis,” Bull World Health Organ 92 (2)  (2014): 99.

“effect in in neonatal circumcision”

B. Stevens et al. “Sucrose for Analgesia in Newborn Infants Undergoing Painful Procedures,” Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 7  (2016): CD001069.

“anxious,” and “depressed,”

J.R. Ifland et al. Refined Food Addiction: A Classic Substance Use Disorder,” Med. Hypotheses 72 (5) (2009): 518.

“dopamine reward system”

W.F.B. O’Reilly.  “Off Sugar, and Wanting to Tear My Eyes Out.” Newsday, Aug 15, 2014.

“where you experience reward”

E. Stice et al. “Relative Ability of Fat and Sugar Tastes to Activate Reward, Gustatory, and Somatosensory Regions,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98 (6) (2013): 1377.

“different parts of the brain”

K.A. Page et al. “Effects of Fructose versus Glucose on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Brain Regions Involved with Appetite and Reward Pathways,” JAMA 309 (1)  (2013): 63.

“lighting up the reward center”

B.K. Wölnerhanssen et al. “Dissociable Behavioral, Physiological and Neural Effects of Acute Glucose and Fructose Ingestion: A Pilot Study,” PLoS One 10 (6)  (2015): e0130280.

“be identified by fMRI”

M.L. Pelchat et al. “Images of Desire: Food-Craving Activation During fMRI,” Neuroimage 23 (4)  (2004): 1486.

“due to tolerance”

A.M. Jastreboff et al. “Altered Brain Response to Drinking Glucose and Fructose in Obese Adolescents,” Diabetes 65 (7)  (2016): 1929.

“to other drugs of abuse”

N.M. Avena et al. “Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake,” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 32 (1)  (2008): 20.

“reward in rats”

M. Lenoir et al. “Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward,” PLoS One 2 (1)  (2007): e698.

“fructose instead”

S. Daniels et al. “Effect of Steady-State Methadone on High Fructose Corn Syrup Consumption in Rats,” J. Psychopharmacol. 32 (2) (2018): 215.

“alterations in the reward center”

J.M. Rorabaugh et al. “A Relationship between Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Shell and Enhanced Lateral Hypothalamic Orexin Neuronal Activation in Long-Term Fructose Bingeing Behavior,” PLoS One 9 (4) (2014): e95019.

“adolescent rats”

F. Naneix et al. “Protracted Motivational Dopamine-Related Deficits Following Adolescence Sugar Overconsumption,” Neuropharmacology 129  (2018): 16.

“even in newborns”

E.M. Blass and V. Ciaramitaro. “A New Look at Some Old Mechanisms in Human Newborns: Taste and Tactile Determinants of State, Affect, and Action,” Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 59 (1) (1994): 1.

“both sugar seeking”

E.H. Neih et al. “Decoding Neural Circuits That Control Compulsive Sugar Seeking,” Cell 160 (3) (2015): 528.

“and drug addiction”

M.L. Miller et al. “Ventral Striatal Regulation of CREM Mediates Impulsive Action and Drug Addiction Vulnerability,” Mol. Psychiatry 23 (5) (2018): 1328.

“effects of sugar than others”

P.N. de Silva. “Are Sweetened Drinks a Gateway to Alcohol, Opiate and Stimulant Addiction? Summary of Evidence and Therapeutic Strategies,” Med. Hypotheses 135   (2020): 109469.

“exposed gets addicted”

B.H. Han et al. “Demographic Trends of Binge Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorders among Older Adults in the United States, 2005–2014,” Drug Alcohol Depend. 170 (2016): 198.

“like alcohol and caffeine”

R.H. Lustig. “Fructose: It’s Alcohol without the “Buzz”,” Adv. Nutr. 4  (2013): 226.

“74 percent of the food supply”

S.W. Ng et al. “Use of Caloric and Noncaloric Sweeteners in U.S. Consumer Packaged Foods, 2005-2009,” J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 112 (11) (2012): 1828.