“for this purpose”

E. Ravina. The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs. (New York: Wiley, 2011).

“benefits of coal tar”

G.M. Reed. Crusading for Chemistry: The Professional Career of Charles Holmes Herty. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010).

“education going forward”

F.W. Stahnisch and M. Verhoef. “The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012 (2012): 647896.

“to and supportive of industrial capitalism”

E.R. Brown. Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).

“those in England, France, and Germany”

T.P. Duffy. “The Flexner Report ― 100 Years Later,” Yale J. Biol. Med. 84  (2011): 269.

“a lot of people off”

L.S. King. “Medicine in the USA: Historical Vignettes. XX. The Flexner Report of 1910,” JAMA 251 (8) (1984): 1079.

“and had no plans on integrating”

J. Wright-Mendoza.  “The 1910 Report That Disadvantaged Minority Doctors,” (JSTOR, 2020).

“thousand to over eighty-one thousand”

A. Young et al. “A Census of Actively Licensed Physicians in the United States, 2016,” J. Medical Regulation 103  (2017): 7.

“American medical schools”

M. Bliss. The Making of Modern Medicine: Turning Points in the Treatment of Disease. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011).

“nearly always gets”

Projected Top 10 Pharmaceutical Companies Worldwide by Revenue in 2019 (in Billion U.S. Dollars). (Statista, 2020).

“them were deemed truly innovative”

D.W. Light and J.R. Lexchin. “Pharmaceutical Research and Development: What Do We Get for All That Money?,” BMJ 344 (2012): e4348.

“after tobacco and petrochemicals”

J. Hagopian.  “The Evils of Big Pharma Exposed,” Global Research, July 19, 2018.

“prescription medications”

C.J. Charlesworth et al. “Polypharmacy among Adults Aged 65 Years and Older in the United States: 1988-2010,” J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 70 (8) (2015): 989.

“just because people are old”

T.R. Fried et al. “Health Outcomes Associated with Polypharmacy in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review,” J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 62  (2014): 2261.

“prescription medication”

P.C. Gøtzsche. Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime: How Big Pharma Has Corrupted Health Care, (London: Radcliffe, 2013).

“effects have tripled”

S.L. Gray et al. “Update on Medication Use Quality and Safety in Older Adults, 2017,” J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 66 (12)  (2018): 2254.

“per year on the combo version”

C.A. Sacks et al. “Medicare Spending on Brand-Name Combination Medications Versus Their Generic Constituents,” JAMA 320  (2018): 650.

“and other inflammatory conditions”

D. Reker et al. “‘Inactive’ Ingredients in Oral Medications,” Science Transl. Med. (2019): doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau6753.

“is thought to be metabolically ill”

A. Araújo et al. “Prevalence of Optimal Metabolic Health in American Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2016,” Met. Synd. Rel. Dis. 17 (2019): 46.

“the benefit of the public”

L.W. Kantor. “NIH Roadmap for Medical Research,” Alcohol Res Health 31  (2008): 12.

“without a  prescription”

OTC Pharmaceuticals. (Statista, 2020).

“medical school curriculum”

K.E. Austad et al. “Medical Students’ Exposure to and Attitudes About the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Systematic Review,” PLoS Med. 8  (2011): e1001037.

“north of the border”

W. Glauser. “Pharma Influence Widespread at Medical Schools: Study,” CMAJ 185   (2013): 1121.

“physician-scientists”

L. Hensley.  “Big Pharma Pours Millions into Medical Schools — Here’s How It Can Impact Education.” Global News, Aug 12, 2019.

“institutional royalties”

M. Angell.  “Drug Companies and Medicine: What Money Can Buy,” (Edward J. Safra Center for Ethics, Harvard University). 

“from their campuses”

Pew Charitable Trusts. Conflicts-of-Interest Policies for Academic Medical Centers, (Washington, DC: 2013).

“hospitals nationwide”

Commercial Access to Physicians, (IQVIA). 

“can access patient records”

T. Sullivan.  “U.S. Supreme Court: Sorrell v. IMS Inc. — Court Upholds Data Mining,” Policy & Medicine, May 5, 2018.

“on medical breakthroughs”

G.A. Chressanthis et al. “Can Access Limits on Sales Representatives to Physicians Affect Clinical Prescription Decisions? A Study of Recent Events with Diabetes and Lipid Drugs,” J. Clin. Hypertension 14  (2012): 435.

“exhibit conflicts of interest”

A. Ozretic and R. Collier. “Medical Schools Continue to Tighten Noose on Faculty with Conflicts of Interest,” CMAJ 182  (2010): E161.