“there are MHO (Metabolically Healthy Obese) people”

Samocha-Bonet et al. “Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obese–the 2013 Stock Conference Report,” Obes. Rev. 15 (9) (2014): 697.

“(again, both are established terms in the medical literature)”

E.L. Thomas et al. “The Missing Risk: MRI and MRS Phenotyping of Abdominal Adiposity and Ectopic Fat,” Obesity 20  (2012): 76.

“there’s a huge spread”

M.J. Lee et al. “Protective Role of Skeletal Muscle Mass against Progression from Metabolically Healthy to Unhealthy Phenotype,” Clin. Endocrinol. 90  (2019): 102.

“the liver (and secondarily, muscle) fat”

E. Fabbrini et al. “Alterations in Adipose Tissue and Hepatic Lipid Kinetics in Obese Men and Women with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,” Gastroenterology 134 (2) (2008): 424.

“45 percent of the general population now has some modicum of fatty liver disease”

A.K. Loomis et al. “Body Mass Index and Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Two Electronic Health Record Prospective Studies,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101  (2016): 945.

“may in part account for their very high incidence of metabolic syndrome”

S. Romeo et al. “Genetic Variation in PNPLA3 Confers Susceptibility to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,” Nat. Genet. 40 (12) (2008): 1461.

“may in part account for their very high incidence of metabolic syndrome”

T.J. Wang et al. “Metabolic Profiles and the Risk of Developing Diabetes,” Nature Med. 17 (4) (2011): 448.

“88 percent of Americans have some level of metabolic dysfunction that’s likely gone unrecognized”

J. Araújo et al. “Prevalence of Optimal Metabolic Health in American Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2016,” Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 17 (1) (2019): 46.

“now we know there are 44 genes that determine your height”

J.N. Hirschhorn et al. “Genomewide Linkage Analysis of Stature in Multiple Populations Reveals Several Regions with Evidence of Linkage to Adult Height,” Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69  (2001): 106.

“never mind the general population”

C. Vaisse et al. “Melanocortin-4 Receptor Mutations Are a Frequent and Heterogeneous Cause of Morbid Obesity,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 106  (2000): 253.

“never mind the general population”

C. Dina et al. “Variation in FTO Contributes to Childhood Obesity and Severe Adult Obesity,” Nat. Genet. 39 (6) (2007): 724.

“Similarly, for Alzheimer’s Disease”

T. Stojakovic et al. “ApoE: Crossroads between Alzheimer’s Disease and Atherosclerosis,” Semin. Vasc. Med. 4  (2004): 279.

“genetics only explains about 15% of the variance in risk”

A.J. Lusis et al. “Metabolic Syndrome: From Epidemiology to Systems Biology,” Nat. Rev. Genet. 9  (2008): 819.

“increased risk for permanent hypertension later in life”

Y. Huang et al. “White-Coat Hypertension Is a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Mortality,” J. Hypertension  (2017): 677.

“this time to 125/80”

D.K. Arnett et al. “2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2019): 1376.

“your doctor doesn’t always keep up with the newest data”

P.K. Whelton et al. “ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APHA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines,” Hypertension 71 (6) (2016): e13.

“the prevalence of stroke declined”

F.J. He et al. “Salt Reduction in England from 2003 to 2011: Its Relationship to Blood Pressure, Stroke and Ischaemic Heart Disease Mortality,” BMJ Open 4 (4) (2014): e004549.

“consistently need their dietary salt restricted”

P.K. Whelton et al. “Sodium, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease: Further Evidence Supporting the American Heart Association Sodium Reduction Recommendations,” Circulation 1256 (24) (2012): 2880.

“which drives up blood pressure”

M.W. Brands and M.M. Manhiani. “Sodium-Retaining Effect of Insulin in Diabetes,” Am. J. Physiol. Regul .Integr. Comp. Physiol. 303 (11) (2012): R1101.

“increasing uric acid (see Chapter 2)”

S. Nguyen et al. “Sugar Sweetened Beverages, Serum Uric Acid, and Blood Pressure in Adolescents,” J. Pediatr. 154  (2009): 807.

“the result of our processed food pandemic”

T. Rebello et al. "Short-Term Effects of Various Sugars on Antinatriuresis and Blood Pressure Changes in Normotensive Young Men,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 38  (1983): 84.

“the result of our processed food pandemic”

E.J. Jacobs et al. “Waist Circumference and All-Cause Mortality in a Large US Cohort,” Arch. Int. Med. 170  (2010): 1293.

“than the subcutaneous fat”

M.A. Elobeid et al. “Waist Circumference Values Are Increasing Beyond Those Expected from BMI Increases,” Obesity 15 (10) (2007): 2380.

“adult females less than 35 inches”

R. Huxley et al. “Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference and Waist:Hip Ratio as Predictors of Cardiovascular Risk–a Review of the Literature,” Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 64  (2010): 16.

“the large buoyant LDLs that aren’t important”

W.C. Cromwell et al. “LDL Particle Number and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Study – Implications for LDL Management,” J. Clin. Lipidol. 1  (2007): 583.

“the large buoyant LDLs that aren’t important”

S.A. Varvel et al. “Discordance between Apolipoprotein B and Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Number Is Associated with Insulin Resistance in Clinical Practice,” J. Clin. Lipidol. 9 (2) (2015): 247.

“insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome”

T. McLaughlin et al. “Use of Metabolic Markers to Identify Overweight Individuals Who Are Insulin Resistant,” Ann. Int. Med. 139  (2003): 802.

“heart disease goes up as well”

Z. Jin and Y. Liu. “DNA Methylation in Human Diseases,” Genes Dev. 5  (2018): 1.

“which rises with sugar consumption”

T. Maruhashi et al. “Hyperuricemia and Endothelial Function: From Molecular Background to Clinical Perspectives,” Atherosclerosis 278  (2018): 226.

“excess energy into liver fat”

M.A. Lanaspa et al. “Uric Acid Induces Hepatic Steatosis by Generation of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress: Potential Role in Fructose-Dependent and -Independent Fatty Liver,” J. Biol. Chem. 287  (2012): 40732.

“more risk for metabolic disease”

J.E. Gerich. “Clinical Significance, Pathogenesis, and Management of Postprandial Hyperglycemia,” Arch. Intern. Med. 163  (2003): 1306.