“in different cells in different organs of the body”

World Health Organization. “NCD’s and Development,” Chapter 2, in Global Status of Non-Communicable Diseases 2010. (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011).

“in the general population was 2.5 percent”

Division of Diabetes Translation. “Long-Term Trends in Diabetes,”  (Atlanta: CDC, 2017). 

“for an amortized inflation rate of 3.88 percent”

P. Zimmet et al. “Global and Societal Implications of the Diabetes Epidemic,” Nature 414  (2001): 782.

“of visits to an HMO doctor”

J. Bhattacharya and M. Packalen. “The Other Ex Ante Moral Hazard in Health,” J. Health Econ. 31 (1) (2012): 135.

“where this is true”

S.H. Woolf and H. Schoomaker. “Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017,” JAMA 322 (2019): 1996.

“letting sick people die”

B. Levin.  “Trump’s Budget Director Has an Ingenious Plan to Make His P.R. Problem Disappear.” Vanity Fair, June 1, 2017.

“(to the tune of $30 trillion)”

R. Brownstein.  “The Eye-Popping Cost of Medicare for All.” The Atlantic, Oct 16, 2019.

“and only 2.5 percent on prevention”

National Center for Health Statistics. “Table 42: Gross Domestic Product, National Health Expenditures, Per Capita Amounts, Percent Distribution, and Average Annual Percent Change: United States, Selected Years 1960–2017,” (Atlanta: CDC, 2018).

“of food into energy”

T.N. Seyfried and L.M. Shelton. “Cancer as a Metabolic Disease,” Nutr. Metab. 27 (7) (2010).

“fifty-four in 1988 to 1994”

D.E. King et al. “The Status of Baby Boomers’ Health in the United States: The Healthiest Generation?,” JAMA Intern. Med. 173 (2013): 385.

“and cancer”

D.E. King et al. “Multimorbidity Trends in United States Adults, 1988-2014,” J. Am. Board Fam. Med. 31 (2018): 503.

“all healthcare spending”

C. Buttorff et al.  “Multiple Chronic Conditions in the United States,” (Los Angeles: RAND Corportation, 2017).

“across gender and race”

J. Ferlay et al. “Estimating the Global Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN Sources and Methods,” Int. J. Cancer 144 (8) (2019): 1941.

“Security collapse by 2035”

S.T. Mnuchin. “The 2019 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds,”(Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Treasury, 2019).

“person from these diseases”

J. Sepúlveda and C. Murray. “The State of Global Health in 2014,” Science 345 (6202) (2014): 1275.

“rather than workers paying into it”

A.M. Fouad et al. “Effect of Chronic Diseases on Work Productivity: A Propensity Score Analysis,” J. Occup. Environ. Med. 59 (5) (2017): 480.

“occurred in previous generations”

S.M. Koroukian et al. “Changes in Age Distribution of Obesity-Associated Cancers,” JAMA Network Open 2 (8) (2019): e199261.

“that allow cancer cells to multiply”

A. Erkin-Cakmak et al. “Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Reduces Serum d-Lactate Concentration in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome,” J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 104 (7) (2019): 3003.

“doubled throughout the world”

B.C.M. Stephan et al. “Secular Trends in Dementia Prevalence and Incidence Worldwide: A Systematic Review,” J. Alzheimers Dis. 66  (2018): 653.

“depression and schizophrenia worldwide”

GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. “Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017,” Lancet 392 (2018): 1789.

“infectious diseases, including HIV”

U.N. General Assembly. “2011 High Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases,” (New York: United Nations, 2011).

“or efficiency is missing the point”

V.R. Fuchs. ” Is U.S. Medical Care Inefficient?,” JAMA 320 (10) (2018): 971.