“resistance genes between species”

Institute For Health Metrics and Evaluation. Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, (Seattle, WA: IHME, 2018).

“healthcare dollars in the US”

World Health Organization. “NCD’s and Development,” Chapter 2, in Global Status of Non-Communicable Diseases 2010. (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011).

“dollars around the world”

Division of Diabetes Translation. “Long-Term Trends in Diabetes,”  (Atlanta: CDC, 2017). 

“of visits to an HMO doctor”

J. Bhattacharya and M. Packalen. “The Other Ex Ante Moral Hazard in Health,” J. Health Econ. 31 (1) (2012): 135.

“metabolically healthy obese (MHO)”

D. Samocha-Bonet et al. “Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obese–the 2013 Stock Conference Report,” Obes. Rev. 15 (2014): 697.

“insurance claims”

E. Blackburn and E.S. Epel. The Telomere Effect. (New York: Hachette, 2018).

“constructed a poster to illustrate it”

R.H. Lustig and A. Gugliucci. “Metabolic Syndrome Signaling,” (Bio-Techne, 2019).

“fat on the inside”

E.L. Thomas et al. “Whole Body Fat: Content and Distribution,” Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 73 (2013): 56.

“them insulin sensitive”

J.M. Schwarz et al. “Impact of Dietary Fructose Restriction on Liver Fat, De Novo Lipogenesis, and Insulin Kinetics in Children with Obesity,” Gastroenterology 153  (2017): 743.

“insulin for your body’s needs”

J.A. Isserow et al. “Focal Fatty Infiltration of the Pancreas: MR Characterization with Chemical Shift Imaging,” Am. J. Roentgenol. 173 (5) (1999): 1263.

“on to developing diabetes”

J.S. Haw et al. “Long-Term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials,” JAMA Intern. Med. 177 (12) (2017): 1808.

“them insulin sensitive”

R.H. Lustig et al. “Isocaloric Fructose Restriction and Metabolic Improvement in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome,” Obesity 24 (2016): 453.

“them insulin sensitive”

A. Gugliucci et al. “Short-Term Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Lowers ApoC-III Levels and Yields Less Atherogenic Lipoprotein Profiles in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome,” Atherosclerosis 253 (2016): 171.

“it wasn’t a risk factor”

W.P. Castelli. “Cholesterol and Lipids in the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease—the Framingham Heart Study,” Can. J. Cardiol. 4 Suppl A (1988): 5A.

“and risk at the high end”

A.J. Vallejo-Vaz et al. “Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease among Men with Primary Elevations of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels of 190 mg/dL or Above: Analyses from the WOSCOPS (West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study) 5-Year Randomized Trial and 20-Year Observational Follow-Up,” Circulation 136 (20) (2017): 1878.

“who will suffer a heart attack”

U. Ravnskov et al. “LDL-C Does Not Cause Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature,” Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 11 (10) (2018): 959.

“in risk for a heart attack”

A. Langsted and B.G. Nordestgaard. “Lipoprotein(a): Is It More, Less or Equal to LDL as a Causal Factor for Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality?,” Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 31 (3) (2020): 125.

“doesn’t mean causation”

R. DuBroff. “Cholesterol Paradox: A Correlate Does Not a Surrogate Make,” Evidence-Based Medicine 22 (1) (2017): 15.

“levels correlate with longevity”

U. Ravnskov et al. “Lack of an Association or an Inverse Association between Low-Density-Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Mortality in the Elderly: A Systematic Review,” BMJ Open 6 (2016): e010401.

“haven’t change appreciably”

P. Muntner et al. “Trends in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of High Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol among United States Adults from 1999-2000 through 2009-2010,” Am. J. Cardiol. 112 (5) (2013): 664.

“high mortality rates”

G.A. Roth et al. “Demographic and Epidemiologic Drivers of Global Cardiovascular Mortality,” N. Engl. J. Med. 372 (14) (2015): 1333.

“people are suffering”

P. Bhatnagar et al. “Trends in the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in the U.K.,” Heart 102 (2016): 1945.

“than before”

P.J. Schreiner et al. “Twenty-Five Year Secular Trends in Lipids and Modifiable Risk Factors in a Population-Based Biracial Cohort: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, 1985-2011,” J. Am. Heart Assoc. 5 (7) (2016): e003384.

“to heart disease”

W.C. Cromwell et al. “LDL Particle Number and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Study – Implications for LDL Management,” J. Clin. Lipidol. 1  (2007): 583.

“perpetrator of the plaque”

P.A. Gerber et al. “Small, Dense LDL: An Update,” Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 32 (2017): 454.

“perpetrator of the plaque”

P.A. Gerber et al. “Small, Dense LDL: An Update,” Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 32 (2017): 454.

“is the problematic particle”

T. Nishikido et al. “High-Dose Statin Therapy with Rosuvastatin Reduces Small Dense LDL and MDA-LDL: The Standard Versus High-Dose Therapy with Rosuvastatin for Lipid Lowering (SARD) Trial,” J. Cardiol. 67 (2016): 340.

“discontinue their medicine”

S. Dunlevy. ABC’s Catalyst Program: Cholesterol Will Kill People. (Sydney:Australian Broadcasting Company, 2013).

“discontinue their medicine”

O. Lerche.  “Statins Are ‘Safe’: Life-Saving Benefits of Cholesterol-Busting Drugs Outweigh Risks.” Express UK, Sept 9, 2016.

“Without a doubt they don’t!”

N.J. Stone et al. “ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines 2013,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 63 (2014): 2889.

“often quite serious”

R. DuBroff and M. de Lorgeril. “Cholesterol Confusion and Statin Controversy,” World J. Cardiol. 7 (7) (2015): 404.

“and weight gain”

V.A. Zigmont et al. “Statin Users Have an Elevated Risk of Dysglycemia and New‐Onset‐Diabetes,”  Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 35 (2019): e3189.

“and weight gain”

Z.H. Park et al. “Statin-Associated Incident Diabetes: A Literature Review,” Consult Pharm. 29 (2014): 317.

“contingencies will live longer”

D.M. Diamond and U. Ravnskov. “How Statistical Deception Created the Appearance That Statins Are Safe and Effective in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease,” Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 8 (2) (2015): 201.

“period is a meager four days”

M.L. Kristensen et al. “The Effect of Statins on Average Survival in Randomised Trials, an Analysis of End Point Postponement,” BMJ Open (2015): e007118.

“with statin therapy”

S.R. Daniels et al. “Reduction of Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in Children and Adolescents,” Circulation 124 (15) (2011): 1673.

“risk reduction”

M.S. Sabatine et al. “Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease,” N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (18) (2017): 1713.

“especially sugar consumption”

P.W. Siri and R.M. Krauss. “Influence of Dietary Carbohydrate and Fat on LDL and HDL Particle Distributions,” Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 7 (6) (2005): 455.

“the Lyon Diet Heart Study”

M. de Lorgeril et al. “Mediterranean Alpha-Linolenic Acid-Rich Diet in Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease,” Lancet 343 (8911) (2015): 1454.

“and improve quality of life”

M. Rabaeus et al. “Recent Flaws in Evidence Based Medicine: Statin Effects in Primary Prevention and Consequences of Suspending the Treatment,” J. Controversies Biomed. Res. 3 (1) (2017): 1.

“compared to LDL-C at 1.3”

M.A. Austin et al. “Hypertriglyceridemia as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor,” Am. J. Cardiol. 81 (4A) (1998): 7B.

“had metabolic syndrome”

S.V. Arnold et al. “The Reliability and Prognosis of in-Hospital Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in the Setting of Acute Myocardial Infarction,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 62 (8) (2013): 704.

“control sugar consumption”

A.A. Bremer et al. “Toward a Unifying Hypothesis of Metabolic Syndrome,” Pediatrics 129 (3) (2012): 557.

“than high LDL-C ever was”

K.H. Cheng et al. “Lipid Paradox in Acute Myocardial Infarction-the Association with 30-Day in-Hospital Mortality,” Crit. Care Med. 43 (6) (2015): 1255.

“is the #1 risk factor for death globally”

Global Burden of Disease 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. “Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks, 1990-2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015,” Lancet 388 (2016): 1659.

“pressure increases your risk for death by 10 percent”

M.H. Mehlum et al. “Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Death in Patients with Hypertension and Different Baseline Risks,” Eur. Heart J. 39 (24) (2018): 2243.

“7 percent to 31 percent.”

E.J. Benjamin et al. “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2018 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association,” Circulation 137 (12) (2018): e67.

“still a 1 to 2 percent risk for death”

X. Xie et al. “Effects of Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering on Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Lancet 387 (2016): 435.

“cardiovascular disease, stroke, and death”

X. Xie et al. “Effects of Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering on Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Lancet 387 (2016): 435.

“allowed in processed foods”

F.J. He et al. “Salt Reduction in England from 2003 to 2011: Its Relationship to Blood Pressure, Stroke and Ischaemic Heart Disease Mortality,” BMJ Open 4 (4) (2014): e004549.

“grams for those with hypertension”

A. Ströhle. “The Ongoing Sodium Controversy – between PURE and Nutricode 1,” Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 87 (5-6) (2017): 322.

“of 6.9 grams per day”

P.K. Whelton et al. “Sodium, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease: Further Evidence Supporting the American Heart Association Sodium Reduction Recommendations,” Circulation 1256 (24) (2012): 2880.

“insulin resistance”

M.W. Brands and M.M. Manhiani. “Sodium-Retaining Effect of Insulin in Diabetes,” Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 303 (11) (2012): R1101.

“blood pressure more than salt”

S. Nguyen et al. “Sugar Sweetened Beverages, Serum Uric Acid, and Blood Pressure in Adolescents ” J. Pediatr. 154 (2009): 807.

“blood pressure more than salt”

K.P. Kell et al. “Added Sugars in the Diet Are Positively Associated with Diastolic Blood Pressure and Triglycerides in Children,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 100 (2014): 46.

“have pre-existing kidney disease”

S. Mansoori et al. “Added Sugar Intake Is Associated with Blood Pressure in Older Females,” Nutrients 11 (9) (2019): 2060.

“have pre-existing kidney disease”

S. Nguyen and R.H. Lustig. “Just a Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Blood Pressure Go Up,” Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 8 (11) (2010): 1497.

“Diabetes Center in Boston”

J.T. Haas and S.B. Biddinger. “Dissecting the Role of Insulin Resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome,” Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 20 (3) (2009): 206.

“muscle, or kidney”

T. Kitamura et al. “Insulin Receptor Knockout Mice,” Ann. Rev. Physiol. 65  (2003): 313.

“developed diabetic”

G.I. Welsh et al. “Insulin Signaling to the Glomerular Podocyte Is Critical for Normal Kidney Function,” Cell Metab. 12 (2010): 329.

“develop kidney disease”

J.M. Steinke and M. Mauer. “International Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group. Lessons Learned from Studies of the Natural History of Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Type 1 Diabetic Patients,” Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev. 5 Suppl 4 (2008): 958.

“levels start to rise”

Y.I. Kim et al. “Microalbuminuria Is Associated with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome Independent of Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes in the Korean Population,” Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 52 (2) (2001): 145.

“Diabetes Study (UKPDS)”

H.S. Seltzer. “A Summary of Criticisms of the Findings and Conclusions of the University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP),” Diabetes 21  (1972): 976.

“Study (ACCORD)”

The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. “Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes,” N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (24) (2008): 2545.

“effects of rosiglitazone”

S.E. Nissen and K. Wolski. “Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes,” N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (24) (2007): 2457.

“Diabetes Trial (VADT)”

S.N. Davis et al. “Effects of Severe Hypoglycemia on Cardiovascular Outcomes and Death in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial,” Diab. Care 42 (1) (2019): 157.

“Evaluation (ADVANCE)”

S.C. van Steen et al. “Haemoglobin Glycation Index and Risk for Diabetes-Related Complications in the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) Trial,” Diabetologia 61 (4) (2018): 780.