“Doesn’t every cell need oxygen”

D.C. Wallace. “Mitochondria and Cancer: Warburg Addressed,” Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 70  (2005): 363.

“99 percent of the bacteria in our intestine, called obligate anaerobes, don’t need oxygen”

J. Lloyd-Price et al. “The Healthy Human Microbiome,” Genome Med. 8  (2016): 51.

“because that’s mitochondrial dysfunction as well”

R.H. Lustig et al. “Isocaloric Fructose Restriction and Metabolic Improvement in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome,” Obesity 24  (2016): 453.

“a common disease of aging, called sarcopenia, or loss of muscle mass”

M.S. Conceição and C. Ugrinowitsch. “Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Effective Alternative for the Non-Pharmaceutical Treatment for Muscle Wasting,” J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 10 (2) (2019): 257.

“opens the glucose floodgates of the cell”

R.J. Shaw and L.C. Cantley. “Decoding Key Nodes in the Metabolism of Cancer Cells: Sugar & Spice and All Things Nice,” F1000 Biol. Rep. 4  (2012): 2.

“the PI3-kinase inhibitors became much more effective”

B.D. Hopkins et al. “Suppression of Insulin Feedback Enhances the Efficacy of PI3K Inhibitors,” Nature 560  (2018): 499.

“determines how wide the door swings open”

C. Greenhill. “Suppressing Insulin Feedback to Improve Efficacy of Cancer Therapeutics,” Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 14 (9) (2018): 501.

“will keep mitochondria functioning optimally”

A. Woods et al. “Liver-Specific Activation of AMPK Prevents Steatosis on a High-Fructose Diet,” Cell Rep. 18 (13) (2017): 3043.

“and improve insulin sensitivity”

B. Viollet et al. “Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin: An Overview,” Clin. Sci. 122  (2012): 253.

“Sugar, of course”

A. Gugliucci. “Fructose Surges Damage Hepatic Adenosyl-Monophosphate-Dependent Kinase and Lead to Increased Lipogenesis and Hepatic Insulin Resistance,” Med. Hypotheses 93: 87.

“Sugar, of course”

A. Erkin-Cakmak et al. “Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Reduces Serum d-Lactate Concentration in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome,” J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 104 (7) (2019): 3003.

“That’s the job of the third checkpoint called mTOR”

R.A. Saxton and D.M. Sabatini. “mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease,” Cell 168  (2017): 960.

“but all three at once because it alters the growth phase of the cell”

J.B. Mannick et al. “mTOR Inhibition Improves Immune Function in the Elderly,” Science Transl. Med. 6  (2014): 268ra179.

“key link between what’s in the cell versus what happens to the cell”

M. Perluigi et al. “mTOR Signaling in Aging and Neurodegeneration: At the Crossroad between Metabolism Dysfunction and Impairment of Autophagy,” Neurobiol. Dis. 84  (2015): 39.

“mTOR is the “holy grail” of cell fate”

D.M. Sabatini. “Twenty-Five Years of mTOR: Uncovering the Link from Nutrients to Growth,” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 114 (45) (2017): 11818.

“target of most current longevity drugs”

T. Weichhart. “mTOR as Regulator of Lifespan, Aging, and Cellular Senescence: A Mini-Review,” Gerontology 64 (2) (2018): 127.

“As you might expect, mTOR is highly sensitive to diet”

S. Sengupta et al. “Regulation of the mTOR Complex 1 Pathway by Nutrients, Growth Factors, and Stress,” Mol. Cell 40  (2010): 310.

“bone and cardiovascular health”

P. Nicklin et al. “Bidirectional Transport of Amino Acids Regulates mTOR and Autophagy,” Cell. 136  (2009): 521.

“activating AMP-kinase can shut down mTOR in its tracks”

Y. Li et al. “TSC2: Filling the Gap in the mTOR Signaling Pathway,” Trends Biochem. Sci. 29  (2004): 32.

“they demonstrate reduced cancer growth”

J. Yang et al. “Targeting PI3K in Cancer: Mechanisms and Advances in Clinical Trials,” Mol. Cancer 18 (1) (2019): 26.

“they demonstrate reduced cancer growth”

G. Muscogiuri et al. “The Crosstalk between Insulin and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Signaling Systems and Its Effect on Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes Prevention,” Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 6  (2008): 301.

“they demonstrate reduced cancer growth”

K.N. Shah and S.S. Patel. “Phosphatidylinositide 3-Kinase Inhibition: A New Potential Target for the Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome,” Pharm. Biol. 54 (6) (2016): 975.

“they demonstrate reduced cancer growth”

D.R. Morales and A.D. Morris. “Metformin in Cancer Treatment and Prevention,” Ann. Rev. Med. 66  (2015): 17.

“increased longevity”

N. Barzilai et al. “Metformin as a Tool to Target Aging,” Cell Metab. 23  (2016): 1060.

“increased longevity”

Z. Zou et al. “Targeted Inhibition of Rictor/mTORC2 in Cancer Treatment: A New Era after Rapamycin,” Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 16  (2016): 288.

“increased longevity”

N. Duval et al. “Rapamycin Treatment Ameliorates Age-Related Accumulation of Toxic Metabolic Intermediates in Brains of the Ts65dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Aging,” Front. Aging Neurosci. 10  (2018): 263.