Paper in Cell Metabolism:

Fatty Acid Metabolites Combine with Reduced β Oxidation to Activate Th17 Inflammation in Human Type 2 Diabetes

It’s long been known that both “lipotoxicity” and “glucotoxicity” are associated with inflammation leading to diabetes. But it wasn’t clear which, when, and how, resulting in different factions battling for supremacy. The science of this controversy is now beginning to come into focus.

A paper two weeks ago from Softic et al. in Cell Metabolism demonstrates that fructose inhibits mitochondrial beta-oxidation through alteration of specific mitrochondrial proteins, conversely glucose stimulates it. Thus dietary sugar is more metabolically problematic than dietary starch; a finding that our group corroborated in obese children.

This paper from Nicholas et al. also in Cell Metabolism, demonstrates that because of that mitochondrial dysfunction, fatty-acylcarnitine, which should be beta-oxidized, can power the production of TH17 cytokines that in part drive that inflammation. Furthermore, one must remember that some of that fatty acid production can be derived via de novo lipogenesis using fructose as a substrate.

This paper, combined with Softic, helps bridge the gap to show that, at the molecular level, it appears to be the combination of both fat and fructose at the mitochondria that drives the inflammatory process.

Apart from its calories, sugar is bad for two reasons: 1) it turns into fat in the liver; and 2) it mucks up the mitochondria, the little energy burning factories inside each cell. Both of these result in a process known as “insulin resistance” which leads to chronic disease. And apart from its calories, fat is bad for one reason: when it doesn’t burn in those problem mitochondria, it can make proteins that can cause more inflammation and more disease. 
 
So fat is bad, and sugar is worse. But the combination of fat AND sugar together is by far the worst. That’s called the Western Diet.
Robert Lustig, MD, MSL

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